The Impact of Air Pollution on Influenza Risk and Respiratory Health: Insights and Recommendations from Experts

Air pollution is a major concern that impacts our health in ways that we may not even realize. It not only deteriorates our respiratory system but also affects other organs, especially in vulnerable groups such as the elderly, small children, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory diseases. The pollutants present in the air have been linked to an increased risk of influenza infection, posing a serious threat to human health due to its high contagiousness and incidence.

Several pandemics of Influenza have caused significant mortality and morbidity. In a recent interview with experts conducted by WION, Dr (Col) SP Rai, Consultant Pulmonary & Sleep Medicine at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, shed light on the connection between air pollution and Influenza. Dr Rai explained that Influenza is a severe respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza virus, leading to substantial mortality and morbidity.

The symptoms of Influenza can range from mild to severe and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, headache, and body ache. Some individuals may experience severe breathlessness and decreased SpO2. The virus spreads through tiny droplets formed when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or talk to nearby people.

The infectious period typically lasts for about five days and can exacerbate pre-existing lung diseases. The rise in air pollution levels is indeed alarming, with a mixture of tiny particles and substances emitted from various sources such as vehicular fumes, burning coal/wood/stubble, and natural sources. Common pollutants like soot, dust, smoke, ground-level ozone, and carbon monoxide can contaminate the air we breathe, with particular concern for particulate matter (PM), especially PM 2.

5. Breathing in clean, fresh air is essential for good health and well-being, but the increasing levels of air pollution worldwide make it challenging. Dr Jejoe Karankumar, Medical Affairs Director at Abbott India, emphasized the importance of raising awareness about steps people can take to protect themselves from infections like the flu, especially during a time when cases are on the rise.

Preventive care, like getting a yearly flu vaccination, plays a crucial role in safeguarding individuals, especially those at risk. In India, cities like New Delhi face high pollution levels every year ahead of the winter season due to factors like stubble burning, atmospheric changes, and more. Reports have shown that Indian cities occupy several spots in the list of most polluted cities worldwide, with pollution levels reducing the average person's lifespan by 5.3 years compared to WHO guidelines. Indoor air pollution is also a concern, with sources like tobacco smoke, Radon, indoor burning, fumes from various products, and mold spores contributing to poor indoor air quality. Dr Vivek Nangia, Principal Director & Head at the Institute of Respiratory, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Max Hospital, Saket, Delhi, noted a significant rise in patients affected by smog and air pollution in Delhi.

Symptoms like breathlessness and cough have increased, with a higher number of reported cases of influenza-like illnesses in recent weeks. Dr Nangia emphasized the need for people to protect themselves from polluted air, especially during flu season. Individuals who are most susceptible to air pollution-related diseases include children under five years, pregnant women, older adults, and those with underlying health conditions.

Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of pollutants and viral infections, with studies showing a higher risk of respiratory infections with increased air pollution levels. Taking proactive measures to reduce exposure to air pollution can help lower the risk of infection and protect respiratory health. Dr Jayalakshmi TK, Senior Consultant Pulmonology at Apollo Hospitals Navi Mumbai, highlighted the heightened risk of transmission during the flu season, particularly in crowded places.

Vulnerable populations, such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, are at a greater risk of severe complications from Influenza. Studies have also found a correlation between pollutants like PM2.5 and ozone with cases of Influenza and other respiratory illnesses.

To prevent the negative impacts of air pollution and Influenza on respiratory health, Dr Jayalakshmi suggested several proactive measures. These include limiting exposure to air pollution, practicing good hygiene, maintaining respiratory health through a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated for seasonal flu strains, avoiding crowded places, and seeking medical attention promptly if experiencing respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, air pollution poses a significant threat to public health, particularly when it comes to respiratory infections like Influenza.

It is crucial for individuals to take preventive measures to protect themselves and reduce the risk of respiratory illnesses. By raising awareness, advocating for clean air policies, and practicing good hygiene, we can collectively work towards a healthier environment and population.